Izindaba

Kunobuchwepheshe obuningi bebhethri nokushaja okudingeka bucatshangelwe uma ushintshela ku-electromobility ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Izimoto zezimayini ezisebenza ngebhethri zikulungele kahle ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba.Ngenxa yokuthi azikhiphi izisi ezikhipha umoya, zehlisa izimfuneko zokupholisa kanye nokukhipha umoya, zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa (GHG) kanye nezindleko zokuyilungisa, futhi zenze ngcono izimo zokusebenza.

Cishe zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa emayini engaphansi komhlaba namuhla zisebenza ngodizili futhi zidala intuthu ekhipha umoya.Lokhu kubangela isidingo sezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezibanzi ukuze kugcinwe ukuphepha kwabasebenzi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba abaqhubi bezimayini banamuhla bemba ukujula okungamakhilomitha angu-4 (13,123.4 ft.) ukuze bafinyelele idiphozithi yensimbi, lezi zinhlelo ziba zinkulu ngokuphawulekayo.Lokho kubenza babize kakhulu ukuzifaka nokubaqhuba futhi balambe amandla.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imakethe iyashintsha.Ohulumeni babeka okuhlosiwe kwezemvelo futhi abathengi baya ngokuya bezimisele ukukhokha imali ekhokhwayo yemikhiqizo yokugcina engabonisa i-carbon footprint ephansi.Lokho kudala intshisekelo eyengeziwe ezimayini zokususa ikhabhoni.

Imishini yokulayisha, yokudonsa, nokulahla (LHD) iyithuba elihle kakhulu lokwenza lokhu.Bamele cishe u-80% wesidingo samandla sezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba njengoba behambisa abantu nemishini emayini.

Ukushintshela ezimotweni ezisebenza ngebhethri kungenza izimayini zikhiphe ikhabhoni futhi zenze amasistimu okungenisa umoya abe lula.

Lokhu kudinga amabhethri anamandla amakhulu kanye nesikhathi eside - umsebenzi owawungaphezu kwamandla obuchwepheshe bangaphambilini.Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo nentuthuko kule minyaka embalwa edlule yenze uhlobo olusha lwamabhethri e-lithium-ion (Li-ion) anezinga elifanele lokusebenza, ukuphepha, ukuthengeka nokuthembeka.

Ukulindela iminyaka emihlanu

Uma opharetha bethenga imishini ye-LHD, balindele impilo yeminyaka emi-5 kakhulu ngenxa yezimo ezinzima.Imishini idinga ukuthutha imithwalo esindayo amahora angu-24 ngosuku ezimeni ezingalingani ezinomswakama, uthuli namadwala, ukushaqeka kwemishini nokudlidliza.

Uma kuziwa emandleni, opharetha badinga amasistimu ebhethri afana nokuphila komshini.Amabhethri nawo adinga ukumelana nokushajwa okuvamisile nokujulile kanye nemijikelezo yokukhipha.Badinga futhi ukuthi bakwazi ukushaja ngokushesha ukuze bakhulise ukutholakala kwemoto.Lokhu kusho amahora angu-4 esevisi ngesikhathi, okuhambisana nephethini yeshifu yesigamu sosuku.

Ukushintshwa kwebhethri kuqhathaniswa nokushaja okusheshayo

Ukushintshwa kwebhethri nokushaja okusheshayo kuvele njengezinketho ezimbili zokufeza lokhu.Ukushintshwa kwebhethri kudinga amasethi amabili afanayo amabhethri - elilodwa elinika imoto amandla nelilodwa elishajiwe.Ngemva kokushintshwa kwamahora angu-4, ibhethri elichithiwe lishintshwa kufakwe elisanda kushajwa.

Inzuzo ukuthi lokhu akudingi ukushajwa kwamandla aphezulu futhi ngokuvamile kungasekelwa ingqalasizinda kagesi ekhona yemayini.Kodwa-ke, ukuguqulwa kudinga ukuphakanyiswa nokuphathwa, okudala umsebenzi owengeziwe.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa ibhethri elilodwa elikwazi ukushaja ngokushesha phakathi nemizuzu eyi-10 phakathi nokuphumuza, ikhefu kanye nezinguquko zeshifu.Lokhu kuqeda isidingo sokushintsha amabhethri, okwenza ukuphila kube lula.

Nokho, ukushaja okusheshayo kuncike ekuxhumekeni kwegridi enamandla amakhulu futhi abaqhubi bezimayini bangase badinge ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yabo kagesi noma bafake isitoreji samandla e-wayside, ikakhulukazi emikhunjini emikhulu edinga ukushaja kanyekanye.

I-Li-ion chemistry yokushintsha ibhethri

Inketho phakathi kokushintshanisa nokushaja okusheshayo yazisa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwekhemikhali yebhethri okufanele lusetshenziswe.

I-Li-ion igama lesambulela elihlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwe-electrochemistries.Lezi zingasetshenziswa ngazinye noma zihlanganiswe ukuletha impilo yomjikelezo edingekayo, impilo yekhalenda, ukuminyana kwamandla, ukushaja okusheshayo, nokuphepha.

Amabhethri amaningi e-Li-ion enziwa nge-graphite njenge-electrode engalungile futhi anezinto ezihlukene njenge-electrode eqondile, njenge-lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), i-lithium nickel-cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). ).

Kulokhu, i-NMC ne-LFP zombili zihlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwamandla okuhle nokusebenza okwanele kokushaja.Lokhu kwenza noma iyiphi yalezi ilungele ukushintshanisa ibhethri.

Ikhemikhali entsha yokushaja ngokushesha

Ukuze ushaje ngokushesha, sekuvelile enye indlela ekhangayo.Lena i-lithium titanate oxide (LTO), ene-electrode enhle eyenziwe nge-NMC.Esikhundleni se-graphite, i-electrode yayo engalungile isekelwe ku-LTO.

Lokhu kunikeza amabhethri e-LTO iphrofayili yokusebenza ehlukile.Bangamukela ukushaja kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu ukuze isikhathi sokushaja sibe yimizuzu eyi-10.Bangakwazi futhi ukusekela izikhathi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu zokushaja nokukhipha imijikelezo kunezinye izinhlobo zekhemikhali ye-Li-ion.Lokhu kuhumusha impilo yekhalenda ende.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LTO inokuphepha okungokwemvelo okuphezulu kakhulu njengoba ingakwazi ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kabi kukagesi njengokuphuma okujulile noma amasekhethi amafushane, kanye nokulimala komshini.

Ukuphathwa kwebhethri

Enye into ebalulekile yokwakheka kwama-OEM ukuqapha nokulawula nge-elekthronikhi.Kudingeka bahlanganise imoto nesistimu yokuphatha ibhethri (BMS) elawula ukusebenza kuyilapho ivikela ukuphepha kulo lonke uhlelo.

I-BMS enhle izophinde ilawule ukushajwa nokukhishwa kwamaseli ngamanye ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elingashintshi.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquki futhi kukhulisa impilo yebhethri.Izophinde inikeze impendulo mayelana nesimo sezindleko (SOC) kanye nesimo sezempilo (SOH).Lezi yizinkomba ezibalulekile zempilo yebhethri, ne-SOC ekhombisa ukuthi u-opharetha angagijima isikhathi esingakanani imoto ngesikhathi sokushintsha, futhi i-SOH iyinkomba yempilo yekhalenda esele.

Ikhono lokuxhuma nokudlala

Uma kukhulunywa ngokucacisa amasistimu ebhethri ezimoto, kwenza umqondo omkhulu ukusebenzisa amamojula.Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nenye indlela yokucela abakhiqizi bebhethri ukuthi bathuthukise amasistimu ebhethri enziwe ngokwezifiso zemoto ngayinye.

Inzuzo enkulu yendlela ye-modular ukuthi ama-OEM angakha inkundla eyisisekelo yezimoto eziningi.Bangakwazi-ke ukwengeza amamojula ebhethri ochungechungeni ukuze bakhe izintambo eziletha i-voltage edingekayo kumodeli ngayinye.Lokhu kulawula ukuphuma kwamandla.Bangakwazi ke ukuhlanganisa lezi zintambo ngokuhambisana ukuze bakhe umthamo odingekayo wokugcina amandla futhi banikeze ubude besikhathi obudingekayo.

Imithwalo esindayo edlalwa ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba isho ukuthi izimoto zidinga ukuletha amandla aphezulu.Lokho kubiza amasistimu ebhethri akalwe ku-650-850V.Nakuba ukukhushulelwa kuma-voltage aphezulu kuzonikeza amandla aphezulu, kungaholela ezindlekweni eziphakeme zesistimu, ngakho kukholakala ukuthi amasistimu azohlala engaphansi kuka-1,000V ngekusasa elibonakalayo.

Ukuze kuzuzwe amahora angu-4 okusebenza okuqhubekayo, abaklami ngokuvamile bafuna umthamo wokugcina amandla ka-200-250 kWh, nakuba abanye bazodinga u-300 kWh noma ngaphezulu.

Le ndlela yokulinganisa isiza ama-OEMs ukuthi alawule izindleko zentuthuko futhi anciphise isikhathi sokumaketha ngokunciphisa isidingo sokuhlolwa kohlobo.Ngokunaka lokhu, i-Saft yakha isisombululo sebhethri se-plug-and-play esitholakala kuzo zombili i-NMC kanye ne-LTO electrochemistries.

Ukuqhathanisa okungokoqobo

Ukuze uzwe ukuthi amamojula aqhathaniseka kanjani, kufanelekile ukubheka ezinye izimo ezimbili zemoto evamile ye-LHD ngokusekelwe ekushintsheni ibhethri nokushaja ngokushesha.Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, imoto inesisindo esingamathani angama-45 ingalayishiwe kanye namathani angama-60 alayishwe ngokugcwele umthamo womthwalo we-6-8 m3 (7.8-10.5 yd3).Ukuze unike amandla ukuqhathanisa okufanayo, i-Saft yabona amabhethri esisindo esifanayo (3.5 amathani) kanye nevolumu (4 m3 [5.2 yd3]).

Esimeni sokushintshwa kwebhethri, ibhethri ingase isekelwe kukhemistri ye-NMC noma ye-LFP futhi ingasekela ukushintsha kwe-LHD yamahora angu-6 ukusuka kusayizi nemvilophu yesisindo.Amabhethri amabili, akalwe ku-650V enamandla angu-400 Ah, angadinga ukushajwa amahora angu-3 lapho eshintshwa emotweni.Ngamunye uzohlala imijikelezo engu-2,500 esikhathini esiphelele sempilo yekhalenda yeminyaka emi-3-5.

Ngokushaja okusheshayo, ibhethri elilodwa le-LTO elingaphakathi kobukhulu obufanayo lingalinganiselwa ku-800V ngomthamo ongu-250 Ah, lilethe amahora angu-3 okusebenza ngeshaje eyimizuzu engu-15 eshesha kakhulu.Ngenxa yokuthi ikhemistri ingakwazi ukumelana nemijikelezo eminingi eyengeziwe, izoletha imijikelezo engu-20,000, nempilo yekhalenda elindelekile yeminyaka engu-5-7.

Emhlabeni wangempela, umklami wezimoto angasebenzisa le ndlela ukuze ahlangabezane nezintandokazi zekhasimende.Isibonelo, ukwelula ubude besikhathi sokushintsha ngokukhuphula umthamo wokugcina amandla.

Umklamo oguquguqukayo

Ekugcineni, kuzoba opharetha bezimayini abakhetha ukuthi bakhetha ukushintsha amabhethri noma ukushajwa ngokushesha.Futhi ukukhetha kwabo kungahluka kuye ngamandla kagesi nesikhala esitholakala endaweni ngayinye yabo.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile kubakhiqizi be-LHD ukuthi babanikeze ukuguquguquka kokukhetha.